Application of the Foamed Bitumen and Bitumen Emulsion to the Road Base Mixes in the Deep Cold Recycling Technology

Marek Iwański; Anna Chomicz-Kowalska

doi:10.3846/bjrbe.2016.34

Application of the Foamed Bitumen and Bitumen Emulsion to the Road Base Mixes in the Deep Cold Recycling Technology

Authors

Marek Iwański Dept of Transportation Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Anna Chomicz-Kowalska Dept of Transportation Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2016.34

Keywords:

bitumen emulsion, deep cold recycling, foamed bitumen, low-temperature cracking performance, moisture and frost susceptibility, Portland cement, road base.

Abstract

This paper presents findings of a study concerning the influence of binder type on the mechanical properties of road base in the cold recycling technology. The principal aim of this investigation was to evaluate the mixes in scope of susceptibility to moisture and low-temperatures. In the comparative research foamed bitumen and bitumen emulsion were used in four different concentrations (2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%). The materials used in the study were reclaimed from an existing road construction layers: reclaimed aggregate from the road base and reclaimed asphalt pavement obtained by milling the surface and binder course. Portland cement in 2.0% concentration was used as a hydraulic binder. The evaluated parameters were: indirect tensile strengths, tensile strength retained and indirect tensile stiffness modulus at 25 °C. These tests were complemented by an evaluation of susceptibility to moisture and frost according to modified procedures implemented by American researchers: Tunnicliff, Root and Lottman. Moreover, tests for low-temperature cracking were conducted according to Finnish standard. The investigations showed that the use of foamed bitumen for road base layer produced in the cold recycling technology results in better mechanical properties and resistance to moisture and frost compared to using bitumen emulsion. The use of 2.5% of foamed bitumen and 2.0% of Portland cement in the recycled road base allowed to meet the established criteria.

References

Bissada, A. F. 1987. Structural Response of Foamed-Asphalt- Sand Mixtures in Hot Environments, Transportation Research Record 1115: 134–149.

Colbert, B.; You, Z. 2012. The Determination of Mechanical Performance of Laboratory Produced Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures Using Controlled RAP and Virgin Aggregate Size Fractions, Construction and Building Materials 26(1): 655–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.068

He, G.; Wong, W. 2008. Effects of Moisture on Strength and Permanent Deformation of Foamed Asphalt Mix Incorporating RAP Materials, Construction and Building Materials 22(1): 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.06.033

Iwański, M.; Chomicz-Kowalska, A. 2013. Laboratory Study on Mechanical Parameters of Foamed Bitumen Mixtures in the Cold Recycling Technology, Procedia Engineering 57: 433–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.04.056

Iwański, M.; Chomicz-Kowalska, A. 2012. Moisture and Frost Resistance of the Recycled Base Rehabilitated with the Foamed Bitumen Technology, Archives of Civil Engineering 58(2): 185–198. https://doi.org/10.2478/v.10169-012-0011-2

Jaskuła, P.; Judycki, J. 2008. Verification of the Criteria for Evaluation of Water and Frost Resistance of Asphalt Concrete, Road Materials and Pavement Design 9: 135–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2008.9690163

Jenkins, K. J.; Long, F. M.; Ebels, L. J. 2007. Foamed Bitumen Mixes = Shear Performance?, International Journal of Pavement Engineering 8(2): 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430601149718

Jenkins, K. J. 2000. Mix Design Considerations for Cold and Half- Warm Bituminous Mixes with Emphasis on Foamed Bitumen: Dissertation, University of Stellenbosch. 368 p.

Kim, Y.; Lee, H. D.; Heitzman, M. 2009. Dynamic Modulus and Repeated Load Tests of Cold in-Place Recycling Mixtures Using Foamed Asphalt, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 21(6): 279–285. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2009)21:6(279)

Mallick, R. B.; Hendrix, G. 2004. Use of Foamed Asphalt in Recycling Incinerator Ash for Construction of Stabilized Base Course, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 42(3): 239– 248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2004.04.007

Noureldin, E.; Abdelrahman, M. 2013. Modeling of the Resilient Modulus for Recycled Asphalt Pavement Applications in Base Course Layers, Transportation Research Record 2371: 121–132. https://doi.org/10.3141/2371-14

Ruckel, P. J.; Acott, S. M.; Bowering, R. H. 1982. Foamed-Asphalt Paving Mixtures: Preparation of Design Mixes and Treatment of Test Specimens, Asphalt Materials, Mixtures, Construction, Moisture Effects and Sulfur, Transportation Research Board 911: 88–95.

Vaitkus, A.; Čygas, D.; Laurinavicius, A.; Perveneckas, Z. 2009. Analysis and Evaluation of Possibilities for the Use of Warm Mix Asphalt in Lithuania, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 4(2): 80–86. https://doi.org/10.3846/1822-427X.2009.4.80-86

Van de Ven, M. F. C.; Jenkins, K. J.; Voskuilen, J. L. M.; Van Den Beemt, R. 2007. Development of (Half-) Warm Foamed Bitumen Mixes: State of the Art, International Journal of Pavement Engineering 8(2): 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430601149635

Vislavičius, K.; Sivilevičius, H. 2013. Effect of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Gradation Variation on the Homogeneity of Recycled Hot-Mix Asphalt, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 13(3): 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2013.03.003

Yan, J.; Ni, F.; Yang, M.; Li, J. 2010. An Experimental Study on Fatigue Properties of Emulsion and Foam Cold Recycled Mixes, Construction and Building Materials 24(11): 2151–2156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.044

Zawadzki, J.; Matras, J.; Mechowski, T.; Sybilski, D. 1999. Warunki techniczne wykonywania warstw podbudowy z mie-szanki mineralno-cementowo-emulsyjnej (MCE). Warszawa: Instytut Badawczy Dróg i Mostów (IBDiM). 44 s. il. ISSN 1231-0638 (in Polish)