Investigation of the Natural Frequency Change of the Suspension Bridge Under Operating Conditions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2024-19.642Keywords:
Instantaneous frequency, Welch method, Fourier synchrosqueezed transform, Inverse relationship, Effective wind speedAbstract
This study addresses the challenge of accurately correlating the bridge natural frequency with influencing factors during ambient vibration by analysing on-site monitored data. This knowledge gap arises from the combined uncertainties of environmental factors and monitoring equipment noise. To tackle this challenge, the Fourier synchrosqueezed transform technique is employed and validated first by the simulated signal, as well as the Welch method. Then the instantaneous frequency of recorded acceleration at the real bridge is tracked, and a distinct diurnal pattern in the natural frequency is revealed. Then the two-stage strategy is adopted for the regression analysis. Firstly, the regression models between the normalised vibration intensity and the normalised frequency change of the vertical mode are established. Building upon these results, the additional factor, namely the effective wind speed, is considered in the second stage. The multiple linear regression model is established between the natural frequency change, the vibration intensity, and the effective wind speed. A thorough comparison of the results from both regression models reveals in-depth statistical insights. This study confirms that vibration intensity has a negative effect on the bridge natural frequency, i.e., higher vibration intensity leads to a decrease in natural frequency. Besides, the study also shows that while the effective wind speed has a statistically significant impact on the frequency change of the vertical modes, vibration intensity (caused by traffic loads) appears to be a more dominant factor.
References
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Mostafa, N., Di Maio, D., Loendersloot, R., & Tinga, T. (2021). Extracting the time- dependent resonances of a vehicle–bridge interacting system by wavelet synchrosqueezed transform. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 28(12), Article e2833. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2833
Neild, S. A., McFadden, P. D., & Williams, M. S. (2003). A review of time-frequency methods for structural vibration analysis. Engineering Structures, 25(6), 713–728. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00194-3
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Oberlin, T., Meignen, S., & Perrier, V. (2014). The Fourier-based synchrosqueezing transform. 2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Florence, Italy, 315–319. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2014.6853609
Omenzetter, P., Beskhyroun, S., Shabbir, F., Chen, G.-W., Chen, X., Wang, S., & Zha, A. (2013). Forced and ambient vibration testing of full scale bridges (Report number: UNI/578). Earthquake Commission Research Foundation. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1168.5448
Au, S.-K., Brownjohn, J. M., Li, B., & Raby, A. (2021). Understanding and managing identification uncertainty of close modes in operational modal analysis. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 147, Article 107018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2020.107018
Auger, F., Flandrin, P., Lin, Y.-T., McLaughlin, S., Meignen, S., Oberlin, T., & Wu, H.-T. (2013). Time-frequency reassignment and synchrosqueezing: An overview. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 30(6), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2013.2265316
Barbe, K., Pintelon, R., & Schoukens, J. (2009). Welch method revisited: nonparametric power spectrum estimation via circular overlap. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 58(2), 553–565. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2009.2031724
Brownjohn, J., Dumanoglu, A., Severn, R., & Taylor, C. (1987). Ambient vibration measurements of the Humber Suspension Bridge and comparison with calculated characteristics. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 83(3), 561–600. https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1987.335
Brownjohn, J. M., Magalhaes, F., Caetano, E., & Cunha, A. (2010). Ambient vibration re-testing and operational modal analysis of the Humber Bridge. Engineering Structures, 32(8), 2003–2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.02.034
Brownjohn, J. M., Koo, K.-Y., Scullion, A., & List, D. (2020). Operational deformations in long-span bridges. In Design, assessment, monitoring and maintenance of bridges and infrastructure networks (pp. 144–162). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351038140-10
Chen, J., Chajes, M. J., & Shenton, H. W. (2023). Impact of wind load characteristics on computed bridge stay-cable forces used for bridge health monitoring. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 28(4), Article 04023007. https://doi.org/doi:10.1061/JBENF2.BEENG-5832
Cheynet, E., Daniotti, N., Jakobsen, J. B., & Snæbjörnsson, J. (2020). Improved long-span bridge modeling using data-driven identification of vehicle- induced vibrations. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 27(9), Article e2574. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2574
Dederichs, A. C., & Øiseth, O. (2023). Experimental comparison of automatic operational modal analysis algorithms for application to long-span road bridges. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 199, Article 110485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2023.110485
Freimanis, A., & Paeglitis, A. (2020). Crack development assessment using modal analysis in peridynamic theory. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, 8(1), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwaa066
Freimanis, A., & Paeglītis, A. (2019). Modal analysis of healthy and cracked isotropic plates in peridynamics. In M. Mains & B. J. Dilworth (eds.), Topics in Modal Analysis & Testing, 9, Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74700-2_41
Gatti, M. (2019). Structural health monitoring of an operational bridge: A case study. Engineering Structures, 195, 200–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.05.102
Górski, P., Napieraj, M., & Konopka, E. (2020). Variability evaluation of dynamic characteristics of highway steel bridge based on daily traffic-induced vibrations. Measurement, 164, Article 108074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108074
Gundewar, S. K., & Kane, P. V. (2022). Bearing fault diagnosis using time segmented Fourier synchrosqueezed transform images and convolution neural network. Measurement, 203, Article 111855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2022.111855
Ha, T.-H., Chou, T.-Y., & Fang, Y.-M. (2020). Assessment of bridge deck movement under the impact of environmental factors and traffic load. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 884, Article 012038 https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/884/1/012038
He, Z., Li, W., Salehi, H., Zhang, H., Zhou, H., & Jiao, P. (2022). Integrated structural health monitoring in bridge engineering. Automation in Construction, 136, Article 104168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104168
Ho, H., & Nishio, M. (2020). Evaluation of dynamic responses of bridges considering traffic flow and surface roughness. Engineering Structures, 225, Article 111256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111256
Huang, H.-B., Yi, T.-H., Li, H.-N., & Liu, H. (2020). Strain-based performance warning method for bridge main girders under variable operating conditions. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 25(4), Article 04020013. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001538
Kareem, A., & Kijewski, T. (2002). Time-frequency analysis of wind effects on structures. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 90(12–15), 1435–1452. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00263-5
Ko, J., & Ni, Y. Q. (2005). Technology developments in structural health monitoring of large-scale bridges. Engineering Structures, 27(12), 1715–1725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.02.021
Koo, K.-Y., Brownjohn, J., List, D., & Cole, R. (2013). Structural health monitoring of the Tamar suspension bridge. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 20(4), 609–625. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1481
Lu, L., & Ren, W.-X. (2023). Structural instantaneous frequency identification based on synchrosqueezing fractional Fourier transform. Structures, 56, Article 104914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.104914
Lu, N., Ma, Y., & Liu, Y. (2019). Evaluating probabilistic traffic load effects on large bridges using long-term traffic monitoring data. Sensors, 19(22), Article 5056. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19225056
Magalhães, F., Cunha, Á., & Caetano, E. (2012). Vibration based structural health monitoring of an arch bridge: From automated OMA to damage detection. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 28, 212–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2011.06.011
Maljaars, J. (2020). Evaluation of traffic load models for fatigue verification of European road bridges. Engineering Structures, 225, Article 111326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111326
Mariani, S., Kalantari, A., Kromanis, R., & Marzani, A. (2024). Data-driven modeling of long temperature time-series to capture the thermal behavior of bridges for SHM purposes. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 206, Article 110934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2023.110934
Mostafa, N., Di Maio, D., Loendersloot, R., & Tinga, T. (2021). Extracting the time- dependent resonances of a vehicle–bridge interacting system by wavelet synchrosqueezed transform. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 28(12), Article e2833. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2833
Neild, S. A., McFadden, P. D., & Williams, M. S. (2003). A review of time-frequency methods for structural vibration analysis. Engineering Structures, 25(6), 713–728. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00194-3
Nicoletti, V., Quarchioni, S., Tentella, L., Martini, R., & Gara, F. (2023). Experimental tests and numerical analyses for the dynamic characterization of a steel and wooden cable-stayed footbridge. Infrastructures, 8(6), Article 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8060100
Oberlin, T., Meignen, S., & Perrier, V. (2014). The Fourier-based synchrosqueezing transform. 2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Florence, Italy, 315–319. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2014.6853609
Omenzetter, P., Beskhyroun, S., Shabbir, F., Chen, G.-W., Chen, X., Wang, S., & Zha, A. (2013). Forced and ambient vibration testing of full scale bridges (Report number: UNI/578). Earthquake Commission Research Foundation. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1168.5448
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24.09.2024
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Copyright (c) 2024 Yazhou Qin, Yansong Cui (Author)
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Qin, Y., & Cui, Y. (2024). Investigation of the Natural Frequency Change of the Suspension Bridge Under Operating Conditions. The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 19(3), 43-68. https://doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2024-19.642
