The Applicability of Limiting Phase Angle Temperatures for Specifying Asphalt Binder Low Temperature Performance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2023-18.623Keywords:
asphalt binder, Dynamic Shear Rheometer, Extended Bending Beam Rheometer, Fraass breaking point, low temperature performance, phase angleAbstract
The paper discusses the applicability of using limiting phase angle temperatures, measured in the Dynamic Shear Rheometer, for low temperature ranking of performance, in comparison with limiting low temperature grades in accordance with AASHTO TP 122-16 extended Bending Beam Rheometer method. During this study, also other low-temperature test methods were compared to each other. For this purpose, 13 asphalt binders were sourced from around North-Eastern Europe, twelve of which are currently used throughout Estonia as well as the neighbouring countries. The thirteenth was a high-quality Laguna Venezuela binder that is no longer commercially available in the region but was deemed suitable for comparison. Samples were tested to measure their needle penetration, Superpave Grades, Fraass breaking points, AASHTO TP 122-16 limiting low temperature grades and limiting 30° phase angle temperatures. Additionally, a correlation found in previous work was applied to the set of samples studied in this paper. Of the binders tested, the low temperature behaviour of the Venezuelan binder stands out with better performance. The analysis suggests that the twelve commercially available binders are from a similar source which was observed through their tendency to undergo thermo-reversible aging. The study shows that the phase angle approach provides a reasonable surrogate for the AASHTO TP 122-16 limiting low temperature grade. However, the latter should currently remain the preferred approach.
References
Aliha, M. R., & Shaker, S. (2020). Effect of bitumen type, temperature and aging on mixed I/II fracture toughness of asphalt binders-experimental and theoretical assessment. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 110, Article 102801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2020.102801
American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials. (2016). Determination of performance grade of physically aged asphalt binder using extended bending beam rheometer (BBR) method.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (n.d.). AASHTO M320 – Performance-graded asphalt binder.
Angius, E., Ding, H., & Hesp, S. A. (2018). Durability assessment of asphalt binder. Construction and Building Materials, 165, 264–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.037
Baumanis, J., Riekstins, A., & Balodis, A. (2021). Investigation of comparability of TSRST and SCB cracking tests for evaluation of low-temperature properties in asphalt mixtures and use in quality control. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1202, Riga, Latvia. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1202/1/012022
Besamusca, J. T., Willemsen, T., & van de Ven, M. F. (2011). A plea for the introduction of performance related bitumen specifications. Road Materials And Pavament Design, 11(sup1), 355–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2010.9690338
Bueno, M., Hugener, M., & Partl, M. N. (2014). Fracture toughness evaluation of bituminous binders at low temperatures. Materials and Structures, 48, 3049–3058. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0378-4
European Commission. (1998). Mandate M/124 – Mandate to CEN/CENELEC concerning the execution of standardisation work for harmonized standards on road construction products. Brussel. https://law.resource.org/pub/eu/mandates/m124.pdf
European Committee for Standardization. (2009). EN 12591 – Bitumen and bituminous binders. Specifications for paving grade bitumens. https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/38a7da38-1c54-48f3-a0f3-1a45fb81c414/en-12591-2009
European Committee for Standardization. (2010). EN 14023 – Bitumen and bituminous binders – Framework specification for polymer modified bitumens. https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/b9736364-314a-4743-8ffa-a95b53079407/en-14023-2010
European Committee for Standardization. (2012). EN 14769 – Bitumen and bituminous binders – Accelerated long-term ageing conditioning by a Pressure Ageing Vessel (PAV). https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/7e60dbee-bd26-4cef-812f-1e5c77446899/en-14769-2012
European Committee for Standardization. (2014). EN 12607-1 – Bitumen and bituminous binders – Determination of the resistance to hardening under influence of heat and air. RTFOT method. https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/5e1f0c0a-99bc-4c99-a191-cf07c1482527/en-12607-1-2014
European Committee for Standardization. (2015). EN 12593 – Bitumen and bituminous binders – Determination of Fraass breaking point. https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/caa4d7eb-7717-4987-b0ce-457b119aeafe/en-12593-2015
European Committee for Standardization. (2015). EN 1426 – Bitumen and bituminous binders – Determination of needle penetration. https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/853455a7-1455-4f3e-a2b8-60d17bfdf3df/en-1426-2015
Evans, M., Marchildon, R., & Hesp, S. A. (2011). Effects of physical hardening on stress relaxation in asphalt cements: Implications for pavement performance. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2207(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.3141/2207-05
Gražulite, J. (2019). Bitumen stress relaxation modulus as an indicator of asphalt pavements resistance to low temperature cracking [Doctoral dissertation, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University]. http://dspace.vgtu.lt/handle/1/3824
Gražulyte, J ., & V aitkus, A . ( 2017). A nalysis o f m ethods a nd c riteria f or evaluation of bitumen performance at low temperatures. “Environmental Engineering” 10th International Conference, Vilnius. https://doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.137
Hesp, S. A., Soleimani, A., Subramani, S., Phillips, T., Smith, D., Marks, P., & Tam, K. T. (2009). Asphalt pavement cracking: analysis of extraordinary life cycle variability in easternand northeastern Ontario. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 10(3), 209–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430802343169
Jing, R., Varveri, A., Liu, X., Scarpas, A., & Erkens, S. (2020). Rheological, fatigue and relaxation properties of aged bitumen. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 21(8), 1024–1033. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2019.1654609
Khan, A. N., Akentuna, M., Pan, P., & Hesp, S. A. (2020). Repeatability, reproducibility, and sensitivity assessments of thermal and fatigue cracking acceptance criteria for asphalt cement. Construction and Building Materials, 243, Article 117956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117956
Li, Y., & Hesp, S. A. (2022). On the use of empirical phase angle limits for the grading of asphalt binder. Construction and Building Materials, 346, Article 128413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128413
Li, Y., Ding, H., Nie, Y., & Hesp, S. A. (2021). Effective control of flexible asphalt pavement cracking through quality assurance testing of extracted and recovered binders. Construction and Building Materials, 273, Article 121769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121769
Lill, K., Khan, A. N., Kontson, K., & Hesp, S. A. (2020). Comparison of performance-based specification properties for asphalt binders sourced from around the world. Construction and Building Materials, 261, Article 120552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120552
Lill, K., Kontson, K., Khan, A., Pan, P., & Hesp, S. A. (2019). Comparison of physical and oxidative aging tendencies for Canadian and Northern European asphalt binders. Proceedings of Canadian Technical Asphalt Association, (pp. 24–28). https://www.ctaa.ca/download/abstracts-2019/Abstract-2019-020-Lill.pdf
Lu, X., & Isacsson, U. (1997). Characterization of styrene-butadiene-styrene polymer modified bitumens – Comparison of conventional methods and dynamic mechanical analyses. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 25(4), 383–390. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE11874J
Lu, X., Isacsson, U., & Ekbald, J. (2003). Influence of polymer modification on low temperature behaviour of bituminous binders and mixtures. Materials and Structures, 36, 652–656. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02479497
Lu, X., Uhlback, P., & Soenen, H. (2017). Investigation of bitumen low temperature properties using a dynamic shear rheometer with 4 mm parallel plates. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 10(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2016.08.010
Migliori, F., Ramond, D., & Pastor, M. (1993). Etude statistique de quelques cas de fissurations thermiques. Proceedings, Fifth Eurobitume Congress, 1, 724–728.
Migliori, F., Ramond, G., Ballie, M., Brule, B., Exemelin, C., Lombardi, B., Samanos, J., Ferraro Maia, A., Such, C., & Watkins, S. (1999). Correlation between the thermal stress cracking of bituminous mixes and the binders’ rheological characteristics. Eurobitume Workshop 99 – Performance Related Properties of Bituminous Binders. Luxembourg.
Shaker, S., Aliha, M., & M, K. (2019). Aging effect on combined mode fracture resistance ofbitumen. Fatiguw & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, 42(7), 1609–1621. https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.13003
Siroma, R., Lan, N. M., Hornych, P., & Chailleux, E. (2021). A literature review of bitumen aging: From laboratory procedures to field evaluation. Proceedings of the RILEM International Symposium on Bituminous Materials, 27, 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46455-4_11
Soleimani, R., Walsh, S., & Hesp, S. (2009). Asphalt cement loss tangent as a surrogate performance indicator for control of thermal cracking. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2126(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.3141/2126-05
Turk, M. R., & Tušar, M. (2018). Low temperature properties of paving grade bitumen. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructures. Zadar, Croatia. https://doi.org/10.5592/CO/cetra.2018.876
Widyatmoko, I., Heslop, M., & and Elliott, R. (2005). The viscous to elastic transition temperature and the in situ performance of bituminous and asphaltic materials. Journal of the Institute of Asphalt Technology, Asphalt Professional No 14, 3–7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288823733_The_Viscous_to_Elastic_Transition_Temperature_and_the_In_Situ_Performance_of_Bituminous_and_Asphaltic_Materials
Yee, P., Aida, B., Hesp, S. A., Marks, P., & Tam, K. K. (2006). Analysis of premature low-temperature cracking in three Ontario, Canada, Pavements. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1962(1), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198106196200106
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Kristjan Lill, Karli Kontson, Andrus Aavik
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.