Influence of Interface Bonding Condition and Base Layer Elastic Modulus on Asphalt Pavement Structure Mechanical Response to Non-Uniform Loads

Authors

  • Lana Elabbas Abdelhaliem Babiker School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; Highway Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; MOE Key Laboratory of High-speed Railway Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3049-739X
  • Xin Jiang School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; Highway Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; MOE Key Laboratory of High-speed Railway Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3044-5495
  • Canyang Cui School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; Highway Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; MOE Key Laboratory of High-speed Railway Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3959-5473
  • Yangchen Lu School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; Highway Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; MOE Key Laboratory of High-speed Railway Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2758-0946
  • Mian Zhang School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; Highway Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; MOE Key Laboratory of High-speed Railway Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3235-9398
  • Yang Xue School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; Highway Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; MOE Key Laboratory of High-speed Railway Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9681-0484
  • Yanjun Qiu School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; Highway Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; MOE Key Laboratory of High-speed Railway Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2250-5363

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2026-21.675

Keywords:

bonding condition, elastic modulus, finite element method, mechanical response, non-uniform wheel load

Abstract

This study established the ratio of the base layer’s elastic modulus to that of the surface layer Rm as a key variable to systematically investigate how the base layer’s elastic modulus influences the mechanical response and service life of flexible pavement. A three-dimensional finite element model of a three-layer pavement system was analysed, using EverStressFE, with a constant surface layer modulus and a variable base layer modulus. The analysis included two important interfacial bonding conditions: full bonding and full slip. It also considered that the actual wheel loads are not uniform but rather follow concave and convex distribution patterns. The mechanical responses, including deflection at the top of the asphalt layer, tensile strain at the bottom of the asphalt layer εxx, and vertical compressive strain at the top of the subgrade εzz, were quantified to predict fatigue life (for cracking) and rutting life (for permanent deformation). The results indicated that the maximum deflection reached 0.53 mm under a full slip condition with a convex load distribution at Rm = 0.75. Critical tensile strains at the bottom of the asphalt layer were most severe under full slip with a convex load, reaching 348 × 10−6, while the fully bonded, concave case resulted in a much lower value of 83 × 10−6. Similarly, the maximum vertical compressive strain on the subgrade was 365 × 10−6 for the fully slipped, convex case compared to 250 × 10−6 for the fully bonded, concave case. A lower Rm value under full slip with a concave load distribution significantly reduced the pavement lifespan, with predicted fatigue life decreasing by over 60% and rutting life by nearly 45% compared to the fully bonded case. On the other hand, a convex load distribution greatly increased the pavement’s bearing capacity by raising the critical strain thresholds and lengthening the expected service life. These findings underscore the paramount importance of interface bonding and load distribution patterns, suggesting that they can outweigh the influence of the base layer’s modulus alone on pavement design.

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26.03.2026

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Vol. 21 No. 1 (2026): The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering

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Copyright (c) 2026 Lana Elabbas Abdelhaliem Babiker, Xin Jiang, Canyang Cui, Yangchen Lu, Mian Zhang, Yang Xue, Yanjun Qiu

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Babiker, L. E. A., Jiang, X., Cui, C., Lu, Y., Zhang, M., Xue, Y., & Qiu, Y. (2026). Influence of Interface Bonding Condition and Base Layer Elastic Modulus on Asphalt Pavement Structure Mechanical Response to Non-Uniform Loads. The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 21(1), 125-150. https://doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2026-21.675
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