Influence of Ceramic Waste and Cement on the Mechanical and Hydraulic Properties, and Microstructure of the Road Sub-Base Layer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2024-19.645Keywords:
amelioration, ceramic waste, mechanical-hydraulic properties, microstructure, OPC, road layersAbstract
This study examines cement and ceramic waste (CW) for the sub-base layer of roads. This innovative method can do away with the risks associated with improper disposal of industrial waste. To achieve this objective, several proportions of cement and CW were used, ranging from 1.5 to 2% and 5% to 15%, respectively. The aim of the work was to examine the influences of CW and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), permeability, consolidation, and microstructures of untreated and treated soil of road sub-base layer. The Guelph permeameter, UCS, permeability, and one- dimensional consolidation were among the laboratory and in-situ tests that were examined; the microstructures were characterised using SEM, infrared (IR), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The findings indicated that the high permeability of the natural soil caused harm to our road soon after construction. Applying 5 to 15% CW reduced permeability by approximately 100% and settlement by around 43%. Furthermore, under wet and immersed conditions, mixing CW and OPC with soil raised UCS by approximately 182% and 20 times, respectively. This study demonstrated that by enhancing the geotechnical properties of soil, CW and OPC combined with it could be used as a road sub-base layer material.
Supporting Agencies
University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj (No. A01L02UN340120230004), GEO-LAB
References
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Ahmed, A. A., & Abouzeid, A. Z. M. (2009). Potential use of phosphate wastes as aggregates in road construction. Journal of Engineering Sciences, 37(2), 413–422. https://doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2009.125357
Aldaood, A. M., Bouasker, M., & Al-Mukhtar, M. (2014). Free swell potential of lime-treated gypseous soil. Applied Clay Science, 102, 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.10.015
Al-Bared, M. A. M., Marto, A., & Latifi, N. (2018). Utilization of recycled tiles and tyres in stabilization of soils and production of construction materials-A: State-of-the-art review. Korean Journal of Civil Engineering, 22, 3860–3874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-018-1532-2
ASTM D 5126. (2016). Standard guide for comparison of field methods for determining hydraulic conductivity in Vadose Zone. US. https://www.astm.org/d5126-16e01.html
ASTM D5084-10. (2010). Standard test methods for measurement of hydraulic conductivity of saturated porous materials using a flexible wall permeameter. US. https://www.astm.org/d5084-00.html
ASTM 2166-06. (2006). Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil. US. https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/51097/9 6d2e1c56e544f8ba9810747b9d2a032/ASTM-D2166-06.pdf
ASTM D2435. (2011). Standard test methods for one-dimensional consolidation properties of soils using incremental loading, standard. US. https://www.astm.org/d2435-04.html
Cabalar, A. F., Hassan, D. I., & Abdulnafaa, M. D. (2016). Use of waste of ceramic tile for road pavement subgrade. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 18(4), 882–896. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1194884
Chand, S. K., & Subbarao, C. (2007). Strength and slake durability of lime stabilized pond ash. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 19(7), 601–608. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2007)19:7(601)
Chen, J. A., & Idusuyi, F. O. (2015). Effect of waste ceramic dust (WCD) on index and engineering properties of shrink-swell soils. International Journal of Engineering and Modern Technology, 1(8), 52–62.
Daniyal, M. D., & Shakeel, A. (2015). Application of waste ceramic tile aggregates in concrete. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 4 (12), 12808–12815. https://www.ijirset.com/upload/2015/december/128_32_Application.pdf
Darcy, H. (1856). Les fontaines publiques de la ville de Dijon: exposition et application des 753 principes à suivre et des formules à employer dans les questions de distribution d’eau. Victor 754 Dalmont, Paris.
Deboucha, S., Mamoune, S. M. A., Sail, Y., & Ziani, H. (2020). Effects of ceramic waste, marble dust, and cement in pavement sub-base layer. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 38(3), 3331–3340. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10706-020-01211-x
Electricwala, F., Ankit, J., & Rakesh, K. (2013). Ceramic dust as construction material in rigid pavement. American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 1(5), 112116. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajcea-1-5-5
Gautam, P. K., Kalla, P., Jethoo, A. S., Agrawal, R., & Singh, H. (2018). Sustainable use of waste in flexible pavement: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 180, 239–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.067
Gnanendran, C. T., & Dalim, K. P. (2016). Fatigue characterization of lightly cementitiously stabilised granular base materials using flexural testing. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(9). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001598
Head, K. H. (1982). Manual of soil laboratory testing. Permeability shear strength and compressibility tests (2nd ed.) London, Penteh Press.
IRC:37. (2012). Tentative guidelines for the design of flexible pavements. New Delhi, India. https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/irc/irc.gov.in.037.2012.pdf James, J., & Pandian, P. K. (2018). Strength and microstructure of micro ceramic dust admixed lime stabilized soil. Journal of Construction, 17(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.7764/RDLC.17.1.5
Jafari, M., & Esna-asari M. (2012). Effect of waste tire cord reinforcement on unconfined compressive strength of lime stabilised clayey soil under freeze– thaw condition. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 82, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.05.012
Koyuncu, H., Guney, Y., Yılmaz, G., Koyuncu, S., & Bakis, R. (2004). Utilization of Ceramic Wastes in the Construction Sector. Key Engineering Materials, 264–268, 2509–2512. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.264-268.2509
Lemougna, P. N., Madi, A. B., Kamseu, E., Melo, U. C., Delplancke, M. P., & Rahier, H. (2014). Influence of the processing temperature on the compressive strength of Na activated lateritic soil for building applications. Construction and Building Materials, 65, 60–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.100
Moraes, M. J. B., Moraes, J. C. B., Tashima, M. M., Akasaki, J. L., Soriano, L., Borrachero, M. V., & Payá, J. (2019). Production of bamboo leaf ash by auto-combustion for pozzolanic and sustainable use in cementitious Matrices. Construction and Building Materials, 208, 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.007
Ojuri, O. O., & Opeyemi, E. O. (2014). Strength characteristics of lead and hydrocarbon contaminated lateritic soils stabilised with lime-rice husk ash. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 19(Z2), 10027–10042. https:// eprints.lmu.edu.ng/1680/1/Strength_Characteristics_of_Lead_and_Hyd.pdf
Onakunle, O., Omole, D. O., & Ogbyie, A. S. (2019). Stabilization of lateritic soil from Agbara Nigeria with ceramic waste dust. Cogent Engineering, 6(1), Article 1710087. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2019.1710087
Pastor, J. L., Tomás, R., Cano, M., Riquelme, A., & Gutiérrez, E. (2019). Evaluation of the improvement effect of limestone powder waste in the stabilisation of swelling clayey soil. Sustainability, 11(3) 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030679
Rajamannan, B., Viruthagiri, G., & Suresh Jawahar, K. (2013). Effect of grog addition on the technological properties of ceramic brick. International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology, 2(6), 81–84. https:// www.mnkjournals.com/journal/ijlrst/pdf/Volume_2_6_2013/10234.pdf
Reynolds, W. D., & Elrick, D. E. (1986). A method for simultaneous in situ measurement in the Vadose Zone of field-saturated hydraulic conductivity, sorptivity and the conductivity-pressure head relationship. Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, 6(1), 84–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1986.tb01229.x
Sariosseiri, F., & Muhunthan, B. (2013). Effect of cement treatment on geotechnical properties of some Washington state soils. Engineering Geology, 104(12), 119125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.09.003
Syed, I. M., & Scullion, T. (2001). Performance evaluation of recycled and stabilised bases in Texas. Transportation Research Record, 1757(1), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.3141/1757-02
Valdés, A. J., Martínez, C. M., Romero, M. G., García, B. L., Del Pozo, J. M., & Vegas, A. T. (2010). Re-use of construction and demolition residues and industrial wastes for the elaboration or recycled eco-efficient concretes. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2010081-1140
Wi, K., Lee, H. S, Lim, S., Song, H., Hussin, M. W., & Ismail, M. A. (2018). Use of an agricultural by-product, nano sized palm oil fuel ash as a supplementary cementitious material. Construction and Building Materials, 183, 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.156
Xuan, D. X., Molenaar, A. A. A., & Houben, L. J. M. (2016). Shrinkage cracking of cement treated demolition waste as a road base. Materials and Structures, 49, 631–640. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0524-7
Yeo, R. (2008). The development and evaluation of protocols for the laboratory characterisation of cemented materials. Sydney: Austroads.
Zhang, Z. F., Groenvelt, P. H., & Parkin, G. W. (1998). The well shape-factor for the measurement of soil hydraulic properties using the Guelph Permeametre. Soil and Tillage Research, 49(3), 219221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(98)00174-3
Arulrajah, A., Piratheepan, J., Disfani, M. M., & Bo, M.W. (2012). Resilient moduli response of recycled construction and demolition materials in pavement subbase applications. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 25(12), 1920-1928. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000766
Ahmed, A. A., & Abouzeid, A. Z. M. (2009). Potential use of phosphate wastes as aggregates in road construction. Journal of Engineering Sciences, 37(2), 413–422. https://doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2009.125357
Aldaood, A. M., Bouasker, M., & Al-Mukhtar, M. (2014). Free swell potential of lime-treated gypseous soil. Applied Clay Science, 102, 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.10.015
Al-Bared, M. A. M., Marto, A., & Latifi, N. (2018). Utilization of recycled tiles and tyres in stabilization of soils and production of construction materials-A: State-of-the-art review. Korean Journal of Civil Engineering, 22, 3860–3874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-018-1532-2
ASTM D 5126. (2016). Standard guide for comparison of field methods for determining hydraulic conductivity in Vadose Zone. US. https://www.astm.org/d5126-16e01.html
ASTM D5084-10. (2010). Standard test methods for measurement of hydraulic conductivity of saturated porous materials using a flexible wall permeameter. US. https://www.astm.org/d5084-00.html
ASTM 2166-06. (2006). Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil. US. https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/51097/9 6d2e1c56e544f8ba9810747b9d2a032/ASTM-D2166-06.pdf
ASTM D2435. (2011). Standard test methods for one-dimensional consolidation properties of soils using incremental loading, standard. US. https://www.astm.org/d2435-04.html
Cabalar, A. F., Hassan, D. I., & Abdulnafaa, M. D. (2016). Use of waste of ceramic tile for road pavement subgrade. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 18(4), 882–896. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1194884
Chand, S. K., & Subbarao, C. (2007). Strength and slake durability of lime stabilized pond ash. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 19(7), 601–608. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2007)19:7(601)
Chen, J. A., & Idusuyi, F. O. (2015). Effect of waste ceramic dust (WCD) on index and engineering properties of shrink-swell soils. International Journal of Engineering and Modern Technology, 1(8), 52–62.
Daniyal, M. D., & Shakeel, A. (2015). Application of waste ceramic tile aggregates in concrete. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 4 (12), 12808–12815. https://www.ijirset.com/upload/2015/december/128_32_Application.pdf
Darcy, H. (1856). Les fontaines publiques de la ville de Dijon: exposition et application des 753 principes à suivre et des formules à employer dans les questions de distribution d’eau. Victor 754 Dalmont, Paris.
Deboucha, S., Mamoune, S. M. A., Sail, Y., & Ziani, H. (2020). Effects of ceramic waste, marble dust, and cement in pavement sub-base layer. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 38(3), 3331–3340. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10706-020-01211-x
Electricwala, F., Ankit, J., & Rakesh, K. (2013). Ceramic dust as construction material in rigid pavement. American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 1(5), 112116. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajcea-1-5-5
Gautam, P. K., Kalla, P., Jethoo, A. S., Agrawal, R., & Singh, H. (2018). Sustainable use of waste in flexible pavement: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 180, 239–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.067
Gnanendran, C. T., & Dalim, K. P. (2016). Fatigue characterization of lightly cementitiously stabilised granular base materials using flexural testing. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(9). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001598
Head, K. H. (1982). Manual of soil laboratory testing. Permeability shear strength and compressibility tests (2nd ed.) London, Penteh Press.
IRC:37. (2012). Tentative guidelines for the design of flexible pavements. New Delhi, India. https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/irc/irc.gov.in.037.2012.pdf James, J., & Pandian, P. K. (2018). Strength and microstructure of micro ceramic dust admixed lime stabilized soil. Journal of Construction, 17(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.7764/RDLC.17.1.5
Jafari, M., & Esna-asari M. (2012). Effect of waste tire cord reinforcement on unconfined compressive strength of lime stabilised clayey soil under freeze– thaw condition. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 82, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.05.012
Koyuncu, H., Guney, Y., Yılmaz, G., Koyuncu, S., & Bakis, R. (2004). Utilization of Ceramic Wastes in the Construction Sector. Key Engineering Materials, 264–268, 2509–2512. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.264-268.2509
Lemougna, P. N., Madi, A. B., Kamseu, E., Melo, U. C., Delplancke, M. P., & Rahier, H. (2014). Influence of the processing temperature on the compressive strength of Na activated lateritic soil for building applications. Construction and Building Materials, 65, 60–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.100
Moraes, M. J. B., Moraes, J. C. B., Tashima, M. M., Akasaki, J. L., Soriano, L., Borrachero, M. V., & Payá, J. (2019). Production of bamboo leaf ash by auto-combustion for pozzolanic and sustainable use in cementitious Matrices. Construction and Building Materials, 208, 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.007
Ojuri, O. O., & Opeyemi, E. O. (2014). Strength characteristics of lead and hydrocarbon contaminated lateritic soils stabilised with lime-rice husk ash. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 19(Z2), 10027–10042. https:// eprints.lmu.edu.ng/1680/1/Strength_Characteristics_of_Lead_and_Hyd.pdf
Onakunle, O., Omole, D. O., & Ogbyie, A. S. (2019). Stabilization of lateritic soil from Agbara Nigeria with ceramic waste dust. Cogent Engineering, 6(1), Article 1710087. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2019.1710087
Pastor, J. L., Tomás, R., Cano, M., Riquelme, A., & Gutiérrez, E. (2019). Evaluation of the improvement effect of limestone powder waste in the stabilisation of swelling clayey soil. Sustainability, 11(3) 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030679
Rajamannan, B., Viruthagiri, G., & Suresh Jawahar, K. (2013). Effect of grog addition on the technological properties of ceramic brick. International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology, 2(6), 81–84. https:// www.mnkjournals.com/journal/ijlrst/pdf/Volume_2_6_2013/10234.pdf
Reynolds, W. D., & Elrick, D. E. (1986). A method for simultaneous in situ measurement in the Vadose Zone of field-saturated hydraulic conductivity, sorptivity and the conductivity-pressure head relationship. Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, 6(1), 84–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1986.tb01229.x
Sariosseiri, F., & Muhunthan, B. (2013). Effect of cement treatment on geotechnical properties of some Washington state soils. Engineering Geology, 104(12), 119125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.09.003
Syed, I. M., & Scullion, T. (2001). Performance evaluation of recycled and stabilised bases in Texas. Transportation Research Record, 1757(1), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.3141/1757-02
Valdés, A. J., Martínez, C. M., Romero, M. G., García, B. L., Del Pozo, J. M., & Vegas, A. T. (2010). Re-use of construction and demolition residues and industrial wastes for the elaboration or recycled eco-efficient concretes. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2010081-1140
Wi, K., Lee, H. S, Lim, S., Song, H., Hussin, M. W., & Ismail, M. A. (2018). Use of an agricultural by-product, nano sized palm oil fuel ash as a supplementary cementitious material. Construction and Building Materials, 183, 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.156
Xuan, D. X., Molenaar, A. A. A., & Houben, L. J. M. (2016). Shrinkage cracking of cement treated demolition waste as a road base. Materials and Structures, 49, 631–640. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0524-7
Yeo, R. (2008). The development and evaluation of protocols for the laboratory characterisation of cemented materials. Sydney: Austroads.
Zhang, Z. F., Groenvelt, P. H., & Parkin, G. W. (1998). The well shape-factor for the measurement of soil hydraulic properties using the Guelph Permeametre. Soil and Tillage Research, 49(3), 219221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(98)00174-3
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Copyright (c) 2024 Sadek Deboucha, Hocine Ziani, Abderrachid Amriou, Walid Maherzi, Walid Deboucha (Author)
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Deboucha, S., Ziani, H., Amriou, A., Maherzi, W., & Deboucha, W. (2024). Influence of Ceramic Waste and Cement on the Mechanical and Hydraulic Properties, and Microstructure of the Road Sub-Base Layer. The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 19(3), 132-157. https://doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2024-19.645
