Optimizing SBS & Tire Pyro Oil Modified VG 30 Bitumen for Sustainable Pavements
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2025-20.652Keywords:
bitumen modification, pavement design, perpetual pavement, sustainable pavementsAbstract
In recent years, Indian roads have experienced a significant increase in axle load and traffic volume, necessitating improved performance in top bituminous layers. While Indian guidelines recommend VG40 grade bitumen for perpetual pavements, its limited supply prompts widespread use of VG30 grade bitumen. This study explores the viability of modified VG30 bitumen, employing Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) and Tire pyro oil (TPO) as modifiers, as an alternative to VG40. Rheological tests, including Dynamic Shear Rheometer and Brookfield Viscometer, alongside morphological and chemical analyses, ascertain the optimal SBS dosage. Addition of TPO, ranging from 1% to 3%, reduces mixing and compaction temperatures. Marshall Stability and Indirect Tensile Strength tests compare strength characteristics. Sixteen perpetual pavement sections are designed based on Indian guidelines, comparing thickness, life cycle cost, and carbon dioxide emissions over five decades. Modified VG30 binder exhibits only a slight increase in thickness compared to unmodified VG40 binder, while significantly reducing life cycle costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Experimental results suggest that modified VG30 with 3% SBS, and optionally with 1% TPO, can effectively replace VG40 grade bitumen for perpetual pavements to address its supply issue.
References
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ASTM-D 6373. (1999). Performance graded asphalt binder standard specification. American Society for Testing and Materials.
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ASTM D 4402. (2012). Standard test method for viscosity determination of asphalt at elevated temperatures using a rotational viscometer. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM D 6927. (2016). Standard test method for Marshall stability and flow of asphalt mixtures. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM D 6931. (2017). Standard test method for indirect tensile (IDT) strength of asphalt mixtures. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM D 7405. (2015). Standard test method for multiple stress creep and recovery of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM-D 6373. (1999). Performance graded asphalt binder standard specification. American Society for Testing and Materials.
Banar, M. (2015). Life cycle assessment of waste tire pyrolysis. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 24(4), 1215–1226. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282173325_Life_cycle_as-sessment_of_waste_tire_pyrolysis
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Chen, A., Deng, Q., Li, Y., Bai, T., Chen, Z., Li, J., Feng, J., Wu, F., Wu, S., Liu, Q., & Li, C. (2022). Harmless treatment and environmentally friendly application of waste tires – TPCB/TPO composite-modified bitumen. Construction and Building Materials, 325, Article 126785. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126785
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D'Angelo, J., Kluttz, R., Dongre, R. N., Stephens, K., & Zanzotto, L. (2007). Revision of the Super- pave high-temperature binder specification: multiple stress creep recovery test. Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 76, 47–79.
Dongré, R., D'Angelo, J., Reinke, G., & Shenoy, A. (2004). New criterion for Superpave high temperature binder specification. Transportation Research Record, 1875(1), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.3141/1875-04
Elkashef, M., Podolsky, J., Williams, R. C., & Cochran, E. W. (2017). Introducing a soybean oil-de- rived material as a potential rejuvenator of asphalt through rheology, mix characterisation and Fourier transform infrared analysis. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 19(8), 1750– 1770. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1345781
Emery, S. J., & O’Connell, J. (1999). High-performance SBS modified binder development. Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Asphalt Pavements for Southern Africa, CAPSA.
Fini, E. H., Kalberer, E. W., Shahbazi, A., Basti, M., You, Z., Ozer, H., & Aurangzeb, Q. (2011).
Chemical characterization of biobinder from swine manure: Sustainable modifier for asphalt binder. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 23(11), 1506–1513. https://doi. org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000237
Formela, K. (2021). Sustainable development of waste tires recycling technologies – recent advances, challenges and future trends. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research, 4(3), 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2021.06.004
Hammond, G., & Jones, C. (2008). Inventory of carbon & energy: ICE. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, UK. https://perigordvacance.typepad.com/files/inventory- ofcarbonandenergy.pdf
Hugener, M., Partl, M. N., & Morant, M. (2013). Cold asphalt recycling with 100% reclaimed asphalt pavement and vegetable oil-based rejuvenators. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 15(2), 239–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2013.860910
IRC 37. (2012 and 2018). Tentative guidelines for flexible pavement design. Indian Road Congress, New Delhi, India.
IRC SP:49. (2014). Guidelines for the use of dry lean concrete as sub-base for rigid pavement (first revision). Indian Road Congress.
IRC SP:53. (2010). Guidelines on use of modified bitumen in road construction (second revision) Indian Road Congress.
IRC SP:89. (2010). Guidelines for soil and granular material stabilization using cement lime and fly ash. Indian Road Congress.
Kennedy, T. W., Huber, G. A., Harrigan, E. T., Cominsky, R. J., Hughes, C. S., Von Quintus, H., & Moulthrop, J. S. (1994). Superior performing asphalt pavements (Superpave): The product of SHRP asphalt research program. https://www.trb.org/publications/shrp/SHRP-A-410.pdf
Lastra-González, P., Lizasoain-Arteaga, E., Castro-Fresno, D., & Flintsch, G. (2022). Analysis of re- placing virgin bitumen by plastic waste in asphalt concrete mixtures. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 23(8), 2621–2630. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2021.1884863
Lehmann, C. M. B., Rostam-Abadi, M., Rood, M. J., & Sun, J. (1998). Reprocessing and reuse of waste tire rubber to solve air-quality related problems. Energy & Fuels, 12(6), 1095–1099. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef9801120
Lv, S., Liu, J., Peng, X., & Jiang, M. (2021). Laboratory experiments of various bio-asphalt on rheological and microscopic properties. Journal of Cleaner Production, 320, Article 128770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128770
Lyu, L., Li, D., Chen, Y., Tian, Y., & Pei, J. (2021). Dynamic chemistry based self-healing of asphalt modified by diselenide-crosslinked polyurethane elastomer. Construction and Building Mate- rials, 293, Article 123480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123480
Maini, S., & Thautam, V. (2009). Embodied energy of various materials and technologies. Auroville Earth Institute (AEI), Tamil Nadu, India.
Masson, J.-F., Collins, P., Robertson, G., Woods, J. R., & Margeson, J. (2003). Thermodynamics, phase diagrams, and stability of bitumen-polymer blends. Energy & Fuels, 17(3), 714–724. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0202687
Mastral, A. M., Callén, M. S., Murillo, R., & GarcÍa, T. (1999). Combustion of high calorific value waste material: Organic atmospheric pollution. Environmental Science & Technology, 33(23), 4155–4158. https://doi.org/10.1021/es990289o
Mittal, A., Arora, K., Kumar, G., & Jain, P. K. (2018). Comparative studies on performance of bituminous mixes containing laboratory developed hard grade bitumen. Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, 7(2), 92–104. https://doi.org/10.1520/acem20170039
Morea, F., Agnusdei, J. O., & Zerbino, R. (2011). The use of asphalt low shear viscosity to predict permanent deformation performance of asphalt concrete. Materials and Structures, 44, 1241–1248. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-010-9696-3
Movilla-Quesada, D., Raposeiras, A. C., Silva-Klein, L. T., Lastra-González, P., & Castro-Fresno, D. (2019). Use of plastic scrap in asphalt mixtures added by dry method as a partial substitute for bitumen. Waste Management, 87, 751–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.was- man.2019.03.018
Murugan, S., Ramaswamy, M. C., & Nagarajan, G. (2009). Assessment of pyrolysis oil as an energy source for diesel engines. Fuel Processing Technology, 90(1), 67–74. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.07.017
Narayan, S. P. A., Little, D. N., & Rajagopal, K. R. (2019). Incorporating disparity in temperature sensitivity of asphalt binders into high-temperature specifications. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002534
NCHRP. (2004). Guide for mechanistic-empirical design of new and rehabilitated pavement structures (Project 1-37A). National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), Washing- ton, DC.
Niu, D., Xie, X., Zhang, Z., Niu, Y., & Yang, Z. (2021). Influence of binary waste mixtures on road performance of asphalt and asphalt mixture. Journal of Cleaner Production, 298, Article 126842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126842
Ranadive, M. S., Hadole, H. P., & Padamwar, S. V. (2018). Stone matrix asphalt and asphalt concrete performance using modifiers. ASCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 22(1), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002107
Rowhani, A., & Rainey, T. (2016). Scrap tyre management pathways and their use as a fuel – A review. Energies, 9(11), Article 888. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9110888
Roy, C., Chaala, A., & Darmstadt, H. (1999). The vacuum pyrolysis of used tires: End-uses for oil and carbon black products. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 51(1–2), 201–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2370(99)00017-0
Saboo, N., & Kumar, P. (2016). Analysis of different test methods for quantifying rutting sus- ceptibility of asphalt binders. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(7). https://doi. org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001553
Shenoy, A. (2001). High temperature performance grade specification of asphalt binder from the material’s volumetric-flow rate. Materials and Structures, 34(10), 629–635. https://doi. org/10.1007/bf02482130
Shenoy, A. (2008). Nonrecovered compliance from dynamic oscillatory test vis-à-vis non- recovered compliance from multiple stress creep recovery test in the dynamic shear rheometer. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 9(5), 329–341. https://doi. org/10.1080/10298430701635095
Sybilski, D. (1996). Zero-shear viscosity of bituminous binder and its relation to bituminous mixture’s rutting resistance. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1535(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153500103
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31.03.2025
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Copyright (c) 2025 Saurabh Kulkarni, Hemant Hadole, Nikita Bhagat, Mahadeo Randive (Author)
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Kulkarni, S., Hadole, H., Bhagat, N., & Randive, M. (2025). Optimizing SBS & Tire Pyro Oil Modified VG 30 Bitumen for Sustainable Pavements. The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 20(1), 1-44. https://doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2025-20.652
